Compare and Contrast US policy toward Cuba under George H.W. Bush and Research Proposal

Compare and Contrast US policy toward Cuba under George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton - Research Proposal Example Currently, there exists no official diplomatic relationship between Cuba and the U.S; rather the countries have maintained an embargo that makes any business association between Cubans and U.S corporations illegal. Analysts argue that the conflict between the U.S and Cuba is as a result of the Americans imperialism ideology that is invading the freedom of Cubans. The U.S has maintained its military troops in Guantanamo Bay despite Cuba’s independence in 1992. This move has continued hindering the process of transformation in Cuba and the diplomatic relationship between the two nations is described as tense. The Cuban ambassadorial representation in the U.S in handled by Interest sections in Washington D.C while the U.S is represented politically by similar interest section in Havana. The U.S administration has continued with the Business embargo in both president Bill Clintons Administration as well as the President Bush’s governance. The relationship between the U.S and Cuba is major dominated by restrictions and conflicts. These include economic sanctions and traveling limitations between the two countries. The consequence of such sanctions is reduced interactions in terms of commerce, politics and civilian relationships between the two countries. The U.S government idea of embargo is to facilitate peaceful transformation of Cuban governance from political instability to democracy and an administration that respects human rights (Roy 2000, 123). The embargo dates back to the Eisenhower’s administration in the U.S, this is the time when Fidel Castro took power. The U.S was so much involved with war against communism (Cold War) and it banned shipment of arms to Cuban since at the time, Castro was leading a large rebel group (Perez 2003, 274). The whole of the U.S administration since then has been characterized by

Islamic Banking and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Islamic Banking and Finance - Essay Example The essay "Islamic Banking and Finance" talks about the structure and concepts of Islamic banking and financial systems. The Islamic financial system guarantees that the formulation of capital would take place at a desirable rate and because it would be utilized efficiently there would be sustainable economic expansion along with everyone receiving equal advantages. It was about four decades back that Islamic banking and finance discipline came up. There was an awareness of the abstract expansions of Islamic banking back then during the late 1940s. By the next twenty years, they increased such that there was a model developed which the Middle Eastern nations adopted in order to meet the requirements of their kinds of banks. Several of such Islamic banks came up by the 1970s and they had a good enough reputation. By the beginning of the 1980s the Islamic banking industry was already emerging and at that time three Muslim nations (Iran, Pakistan, and Sudan) made a decision of transforming their system of economics and finance to Islamic. Following this, there was an establishment of individual Islamic windows and subsidiaries by the financial market players of the West. In the recent times, there are many people who have been thinking since the last few years that Islamic finance and the banking systems are similar to the conventional banking systems. In many cases, it has been said that the similarity is being generated so as to make the Islamic rules in the banking and the economics look much more diluted. As in many cases it has been found that the term Islamic banking or the Islamic finance has been one of the misleading terms when the many similarities between the Islamic and the conventional banking is taken into account. This paper shall thereby make an attempt to remove the misleading meanings that in many cases has been blurring the true image of the Islamic banking in the world. Islamic banking has many differences as compared to the conventional banking and here the differences shall be highlighted. An important role is being played by the Shariah advisers as these are the one who have the responsibility to take the responsibilities of all the laws and the rules being followed in the Islamic bankin

The Importance Of Health Communication

The Importance Of Health Communication The healthcare systems around the world are making full use of the communication methods to improve quality of healthcare services provided and peoples life. They are utilizing the newly developed information and communication technologies to bring required socio-economic changes in the areas as diverse as health and education system. In this modern era the consequence of media and communication is vastly increasing. According to Mann and Colven, A picture is worth more than a thousand words, it can justify the need of new technologies. This thesis paper tries to figure out the importance of health communication and telemedicine technology for the integral growth of healthcare management in the rural and remote area of India. In some of the rural areas of India the telemedicine technology is implemented successfully and the people in that area are receiving better healthcare services than before. This technology is quite new in the country like India and lot of work has to be done in future to increase the use of this newly developed technology to deliver quality of healthcare service and thus to improve the health status rural and remote population. India is having a huge population and most of the people live in rural areas. Majority of them dont have proper access to education and healthcare services. So there is need of good health communication to improve delivery of healthcare services. By this, necessary knowledge can be imparted to the people that will help them to improve their own health status all the time. Telemedicine might be useful in these areas as it helps to have a successful communication in between the healthcare professionals and patients who are present at different places. This paper points out the actual necessity of telemedicine technology which is one of the tools of having health communication and the opinion of the healthcare professionals as well as the patients regarding its importance. In this interpretive study based thesis, fourteen interviews of healthcare professionals and a survey of twenty patients by using a questionnaire have been conducted to illustrate the importance of health communication (mainly health education) and telemedicine. Introduction In this rapidly developing world, the parameters of health care are also being broadened and the focus is shifted to promotion of wellness prevention of diseases in community as well as home based care rather than only hospital based care. This shift can be facilitated by implementing telemedicine technology which is a method of health care carried out at a distance at even real time (Jones, 1997). Health is a concern of everyone for everyone. Healthy people 2010 define health communication as the art and technique of informing, influencing and motivating individual, institutional and public audiences about important health issues. The terms health communication health education are used synonymously most of the times. In this era the importance of health education is realized increasingly because of which today health education became speciality in itself. The healthcare systems seem to be inefficient without proper health education programmes even though lot of planning is done in implementation of healthcare services. It shows that health communication is not only mere exchange of health information but also much more than that. Health communication is means of facilitating the interaction between healthcare professionals and patients or in between the two or more healthcare professionals irrespective of working together in same or different organizations situated at distance places. Most of the organizations mainly focus on adopting advanced technologies used for diagnostic and surgical procedures to meet expectations of the patients and to improve organizations capacity. But they often forget the importance of communicating with the people in rural and remote areas to provide health education and create health awareness in them which in turn can prevent number of diseases. Telemedicine will help the healthcare professionals working at district and regional hospitals or multispecialty private hospitals to communicate with the people in rural areas who dont have proper access to healthcare services. It will help these professionals to know the problems of rural and remote population. Telemedicine is a broad concept. Here the delivery of health services depends upon application of telecommunication. Sharing or transfer of knowledge in terms of distance education and remote consulting diagnosis within different medical fields can be included in the concept of telemedicine. AIM (1990) defines telemedicine as the investigation, monitoring, management and education of the patients as well as staff which allows ready access to expert advice and patient information irrespective of location of patient or relevant information. Public and private health sectors have to do much by making use of effective telemedicine technology. It can definitely contribute a lot to health sectors by making utilization of available resources more effectively in various telemedical services (Nymo, 1993). An upcoming challenge mainly for the public health services will be to meet the demand of tremendously increasing population especially in the developing countries with the use of available resources (funds, healthcare professionals technology). It is not possible to replace the physician or other healthcare professionals involved in a patient relation by using this technology. But the thing is that it can facilitate in delivering integrated health care service to the patients. Thus telemedicine can play a vital role by providing economical benefits to the healthcare system of respective country. Telemedicine technology can act as a lifeline for most of the people who come under poor economical background mainly from developing country like India where there is inequality in delivery of healthcare services. More than 70% of the population live in rural area. On the other hand these people dont receive quality of healthcare services due to insufficient number of healthcare professionals especially in public healthcare centres and lack of infrastructure. Because of lack of facilities in these areas makes it more difficult to retain speciality healthcare professionals in rural and remote areas. Thats why most of the specialists are situated in district and capital places. The rural people have to spend more time and money as well to get consultation from specialists. Telemedicine will help to reduce the unnecessary wastage of cost and time by bridging rural health centres with the district and multispecialty hospitals situated in big cities (Kuppuswamy Pandian, 2008). All researchers dealing with information technology and healthcare have said that information technologies play a vital role in making a healthcare system more successful. Nowadays in early stage of onset of disease, people in rural and remote area where there is unavailability of specialists in healthcare need not to visit directly to the specialists in cities to get consulted from them. Development of advanced communication technologies like telemedicine will make it possible for these people to get treatment at initial stage without travelling to cities which will reduce further complications related to respective diseases. But development and implementation of any IT system in healthcare is not an easy task. As Collen (1995) have stated, developing a comprehensive medical information system is a more complex task than putting a man on the moon had been. Many organizations have faced problematic situations while implementing telemedicine or any other e-Health systems because of different reasons. Before implementing any change within the organizational set up it is very important to know the views of stakeholders who are going to involved in the process. It needs good planning and management to make the change successful. According to Collins (2000), it is necessary to understand views, experiences and purposes of the providers as well as users of healthcare services to address the issues and resolve the problems before full implementation of telemedicine. Identifying, understanding and describing the key aspects of effective health communication and information system (Telemedicine) as well as making the use of findings as a basis for the success of healthcare management in both private and public sector are the main aims of this research study. In this thesis paper I will discuss the importance of health communication (especially providing needed health education to the under and uneducated people in remote and rural area of India) and use of telemedicine to deliver better healthcare services to the rural population. I will try to understand the thoughts of healthcare professionals and patients regarding this topic. The main purpose behind this is to make further development for the integral growth of healthcare management in rural and remote areas of India. This research is aimed to find out the answers relevant to the following research questions: What do we know about effective health communication and telemedicine? How will it be possible to communicate with the people in rural areas? What are the opinions of healthcare professionals and patients regarding importance of health education and use of telemedicine system? In what ways might telemedicine influence information seeking, communicating and creating health awareness in a rural community of India? According to the above research questions, this thesis will firstly try to discuss the important notions of health communication and telemedicine and secondly interpretation of the findings of interviews of healthcare professionals and feedback of the patients from questionnaire. The overall aim of this research is to know the importance of health communication and telemedicine through qualitative research and make use of that knowledge for the further growth of healthcare management in rural community of India. Objectives of this research study are- To study the role of health communication and telemedicine in rural health care. To know various methods those are used by healthcare professionals to provide health education to the people of rural area. To understand how health communication and telemedicine can play a vital role in changing behaviour of rural population. Review of Literature Health communication: Health communication addresses, how individual and community decisions about knowledge of health and practices are informed and influenced through communication. As stated by Rai (1999), communication is the means through which we practice and influence to bring changes in the views and attitudes of others, motivate them and maintain a healthy relation with them. In other words it is the cycle of exchanging emotions, ideas and opinions in the form of information in between sender and receiver. Health communication links the regions of health and communication and considered as an important component of efforts in improving public and personal health status (Jackson Duffy, 1998). There is specific purpose behind doing any act. Communication is done to make someone think in a particular way, to do something or take action. There are different functions of communication as stated by Andal (1998). Instrumental Function To achieve something. Information Function To find out or explain something. Social Contact Function To make enjoyable environment. Control Function To get someone to behave in a particular way. Expression Function To express the feelings or present oneself in a particular way. Role Related Function Situation requires it. Educational Function To transmit knowledge. Stimulation Function To bring interest. Entertainment Function To provide leisure activity. Cultural Promotion Function To reinforce cultural rites. Effective communication: The main purpose of having communication is the exchange or transfer of information in the form of thoughts and ideas (Ramchandran Dharmalingam, 2001). It is the most important aspect of educational process which aims at change in behaviour or attitude and improves level of knowledge. We can say communication was effective only if the message is correctly interpreted by the receiver and utilized it for improvement of the knowledge. Thus effective communication means not only reaching of information but also enabling the receiver to have change in information or improvement in knowledge. Health communication includes understanding and use of communication strategies to enhance community and individual decisions to improve the current health status. It binds the domains of health and communication to improve the health of the population. Health communication can contribute largely in prevention and promotion of diseases, to improve health provider-patient relations, in movement of public and individual health risk information, formulation of public health messages, in providing education o the population about how to find access to the public healthcare delivery system and total development of telemetric applications as well as attachment of individuals to clinical recommendations (Feng H, 2006). Health communication is the use of communication techniques and technologies to positively influence organizations, individuals and population for the purpose of promoting conditions conducive to human and environmental health. It may include various activities such as physician-patient interactions, self help groups, classes, mailings, mass media events and campaigns (US department of health and human services, 2000). Health communication is the dissemination and interpretation of health related messages (Donohew Ray 1990, Steinberg 2007). Health communication is a hybrid field that derives from communication studies, marketing, journalism and public relations and also overlaps with health education and health promotion (Cline, 2003). As stated by WHO (1946), Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health encircles the essence of health education by making communities as well as individuals as equal partners in the process of assuring freedom from illness or diseases and achieving the highest level of physical, social and mental health (Gupta Mahajan, 1991). In determining the Physical well being of the individuals, the factors such as where they work, with whom they interact and what kind of work they do should be considered to improve health. A series of operational tasks have to be completed in the process of development of any health communication. At the basic level, these tasks may contain choosing credible sources, selecting a strategy of message and deciding the ideal channels or settings through which the communication is to be delivered (Kreuter Wray, 2003). Each single activity of these provides an opportunity to improve the application of communication to its intended audience. Communication may contain planned or unplanned content which has the ability to convey positive, negative or neutral health messages to the community. Usually specific strategies are followed behind planned messages for its formulation and placement. These are intended to change behaviour, beliefs and attitudes of the people. Thus health communication is an important part of healthcare which is aimed at promoting healthy behaviour. Health education is a type of medium which is used to make people aware of healthy behaviour patterns and its importance. But the success of health communication or health education programs depends upon the interest of the people. It is very important that they should involve actively in it. We cant enforce people to change; we can motivate them to adopt healthy life. It is a notoriously complex and problematic task to change ones health related behaviour (Lawrence, 1999). It is demonstrated through research that clients attachment to their own health status is the important factor in their adoption to a behavioural health change (Callaghan, 1999). Health communication may take place between health care providers and patients or health care providers and people in the community. It may take place directly or indirectly at even real time. Development of information systems is really important to make health communication successful at broader level. People in rural and remote areas dont receive proper healthcare services due to many problems. So it is very important to communicate with them to know the problems they are facing and make the necessary planning and implementation to resolve those. By means of communication technologies like telemedicine it will be possible to have communication between the healthcare professionals at speciality hospitals situated in cities and people of rural and remote areas. This will help to solve many health problems of rural population. Other than this it will make possible for healthcare professionals at public primary health centres or even who doing private practice in rural areas to have communication with specialists in multispecialty hospitals. It will help these professionals in making the decisions, diagnosis and treatment. It will also help these professionals to update their own knowledge. Various channels used for having health communication are as below, Press Health related articles in newspaper are important channels to distribute information. Health magazine If information is presented well in the magazines then these can become valuable mean of communication. Posters These are made colourful to attract the attention of the people and convey the health messages to them. This is the easiest and cheapest way of disseminating information to the people. These are widely used by the healthcare professionals at hospital and community to provide health information to a small group of people. Films These are expensive and difficult to acquire. On the other hand are suitable to audience. Can convey intended health message to a large number of people in less time. Radio An important channel of providing health education. But health talks should not be too long. Television It is quite expensive at the beginning of establishment but after that it becomes the most effective channel as message can be delivered to huge number of people within short time. Health museums Can be effective. Health exhibition If it is well targeted and arranged properly then can attract and arouse large number of people. Telemedicine Difficult to implement but can reach to remote and rural population easily. Internet Easy and cheap way of communication. But less effective in a country with low literacy rate. (Babu S 2004. Review in community medicine; pg 181) Health Education: Health education programs related to behavioural change are considered as a mainstay of healthcare activity. The effect of these programs depends up on the nature of their intention and the way they are delivered (Whitehead Russel, 2004). Health education is a social science that draws from the medical, biological, physical, environmental and psychological sciences to prevent the onset of diseases and promote health through education driven behaviour changing activities. In other words, health education is the development of an individual or group or community health knowledge, skills and behaviour with the help of systemic strategies. Throughout this century health education has been an important element of action in prevention of diseases and promotion of health. Health campaigns to prevent communicable diseases, to promote maternal and child health, to promote immunization, to educate about family planning methods as well as its importance and other preventive health services have long history. Health education directed towards these goals in most of the developing countries remains an essential weapon in prevention of diseases and promotion of health (Nutbeam D, 2000). The main objective behind providing health education is to positively influence health related behaviour of the community and individuals. It also helps to influence living and working conditions that enhance their health. Health education is the process which includes activities like providing information, motivating and helping people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles, advocates environmental variations that are required to facilitate this goal and conduct research and professional training (Baride Kulkarni, 1998). Health education is related to changes in feelings, knowledge and behaviour of people. It focuses on developing healthy lifestyles and believed to attend the best possible state of well being (Dharmalingam Ramchandram, 2001). It is the process carried through the active involvement of people targeted at initiation of healthy behaviour and knowing the peoples prejudices and practices that are determent to health for achieving the goal of health. A series of stages and people efforts by themselves are involved in the process of health education. Health education is an activity which may be required for each individual at any time. It is a continuous ongoing process of learning from others. Anyone who knows that what is necessary for the maintenance of good health can provide health education to the others by using proper communication channel and ideas. As health education has to do with health, it is very important to have wide and correct knowledge regarding health and diseases for disseminating or transmitting ideas for the purpose of developing necessary behaviour and attitude. In the process of health education theories and principles of education and learning are applied. Thats why a person who is trained properly for delivering healthcare is better fit to provide health education to the community. It doesnt mean that any person who is from non medical background cannot play a role of health educator but only indicates the importance of possession of correct and complete knowledge related to health, diseases and their application. As the main motto of health education is to change behaviour of the people, health educator must learn and cultivate skills to communicate, educate, involve and motivate them. Health educator should be known to theories of community organization as well as knowledge and principles of social psychology. Different planning models are used for the development of health education interventions. Public health models used in social medicine and epidemiology are slightly different from public health models used in health education. As stated by Kok and et al (1997), interventions of behaviour focused health promotion and health education are usually based on planning models of following type, Health problem Behaviour that is determinant of the problem Psychosocial and environmental determinants of behaviour Development and implementation of the intervention Evaluation Not only epidemiologic analysis but also a behavioural science approach to intervention implementation and psycho-social analysis is needed in this type of planning model. If behaviour is an important factor behind existence of health problem then it is necessary to analyze the determinants of the behaviour. These determinants may be environmental or psycho-social (emotional resistance, risk perception, perceived norms, knowledge etc.). Most of the times the focus is given only on individual behaviour but its important to target social as well as physical environment for health education interventions. Approaches to health education:- According to Tones (1986), there are three approaches to health education as follow, Traditional approach It focuses on individual. Its goal is to convince the individual to adopt needed lifestyle to prevent onset of diseases and hence reduce morbidity and mortality in the population. The reason behind this is; in the Western industrialized society the curative medicine cannot deal effectively with the contemporary burden of disease. And not only high technology is ineffective but also it is iatrogenic and expensive. Health education have major role in secondary as well as tertiary prevention apart from its potential for primary prevention. Another advantage of it is that it offers financial savings to the government by reducing the demands on health service. Philosophical approach According to this approach health education is concerned with freedom of choice and rationality. It states that only provision of information regarding health issues is not sufficient to bring behavioural change. To facilitate decision making is considered as the primary goal of health education irrespective of the nature of decision which might be made ultimately. The principle of voluntarism has been adopted by the Society of Public Health Educators of America in its code of ethics. Thus it can be argued that this model of health education has Official approval. Writers such as Green (1980) have consistently supported fostering informed health choices and protecting free will. This approach has its critics regarding the nature of genuine free choice. It is clear in many ways that freedom of choice can be limited. It is less apparent fact that an individuals capacity for making rational and voluntaristic choices can be reduced by particular kinds of socialization especially which occurs in the context of the culture of poverty. On the other hand, individuals have greater degree of genuine choice whose socialization has provided them with self empowering skills and experiences. In many instances freedom of choice is cut short manifestly by adverse social circumstances. It is therefore will be ineffective and unethical to educate people in such circumstances. Radical approach Nutbeam,d Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century , Health Promotion International, Vol. 15, No. 3, 259-267, September 2000 Steinberg, S (2007). An introduction to communication studies, Juta and co. Publication, Cape town. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.

Bob Marley Essay -- Rastafari Reggae Music

Thesis Statement: Bob Marley’s life affected his writing and contributed to the development of his poetry. Bob Marley is without a doubt the greatest musician a third world country ever produced. Through Rastafari ideas, he influenced many others with songs that touched the lives of millions with his constant message of unity. His wisdom through experience helped him achieve a grand distinction over other artists. In the year 1944, Captain Norvol Marley, a middle-aged white marine officer, married a young Jamaican girl named Cedilla Booker. On February 6, 1945 at two thirty in the morning their son, Robert Nesta Marley, otherwise known as Bob Marley was born in his grandfather’s house (The Story). Soon after Bob was born his father left his mother. Bob’s Father did, however give financial support and occasionally arranged to see his son. It was now the late fifties and jobs were scarce in Jamaica. Bob followed his mother from their home in St. Ann to Trenchtown (West Kingston) to seek employment in the big city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trenchtown got its name because it was built over a ditch, which drained the sewage of old, Kingston. In Trenchtown Bob spent a lot of his time with his good friend Neville Livingston, who people called by his nickname, Bunny. He began to attend a music class with Bunny, which was held by the famous Jamaican singer Joe Higgs. In that class they met Peter Macintosh and soon became good friends. When Bob was 16, he started to follow his dream of becoming a musician. According to Michael Anderson, â€Å"Music to many young Jamaicans was an escape from the harshness of everyday life† (Anderson, 1). Bob’s life looked brighter on February 10, 1966 when he married girlfriend Rita Anderson. Rita gave birth to their first born whom they named Cedilla. Stephen, Sharon, and Ziggy then followed Cedilla.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bob Marley had quite a massive rà ©sumà © for his artistic career. It first started when he met Jimmy Cliff, who at the age of 14 had already recorded a couple of hit songs. After meeting Bob, Jimmy introduced him to Leslie Kong, a local record producer. Bob followed his advice and auditioned for Leslie Kong (Lieblich, 7). Bob’s musical talents shone much more brightly than anyone else that day and found him in the studio recording his first single â€Å"Judge Not†. Unfortunately neither â€Å"Judge Not† nor his 1962 single â€Å"One More Cup of Coffee† did very wel... .... He used his ideas and beliefs not to create but to solve problems. The life he lived as a Rasta allowed him to generate songs that are treasured significantly. It has always been said legends never die and with such musical genius, Bob Marley’s legend will live on. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hauler, Joe. â€Å"Bob Marley Biography.† MSN Search. Online. Available Online. 3 Nov. 2001. Available at http:/www.rollingstone.com/artist/bio.asp?oid=185. Lieblich, Julia. â€Å"Beyond Dreads, To Roots of Rastafari,† Star Tribune, B 7, August 15, 1998. Marley, Rita. â€Å"Remembering Bob Marley,† Essence. 16: 18, February 1, 1995. Michael Anderson. â€Å"The Biggest Tribute To Bob Marley.† Lycos. 20 Mar. 1998. Online. America Online. 4 Nov. 2001. Available at http:/www.thirdfield.com/. Mirkin, Steve. â€Å"Roots Rock Reggae,† Rolling Stone. 24: 13, April 15, 1998. Salewicz Chris. â€Å"American Music ‘50s Rhythm and blues Influence Bob Marley: Google. Online. Internet. 1995. Available at http:/www.bobmarley.com/life/musical/influences/Americanmusic/index.html. Sisano, Ben. â€Å"All-Star Tribute To Jamaica’s Native Son,† New York Times, III 55, December 19, 1999. The Story. Chicago: Thames and Hudson, 1996.

How Changes on Aggregate Demand Influence Price Levels

Diana Gaita Economics FB1 Discuss how changes on aggregate demand influence price levels, output levels and employment. The meaning of â€Å"aggregate† is added together. All of the elements introduced in microeconomics are totaled in macroeconomics. Aggregate demand and supply analysis brings together the amount that consumers wish to consume and firms wish to produce at any price levels. Aggregate demand (AD) is the total demand for final goods and services in the economy (Y) at a given time and price level. Also it is the amount of goods and services that will be purchased at all possible price levels in the economy.This is called the demand for the Gross Domestic Product of a country when inventory levels are static. The formula for aggregate demand is AD= C + I + G + (X-M); C – Consumption, I – Investment, G – Government Spending, X – Exports, M – Imports. The AD curve is downward sloping but it’s not because people buy more when things are cheaper. There are three ways to explain the downward sloping of the AD curve: * Lower prices in an economy mean international competitiveness, so there are more exports and fewer imports. In other words, net exports are higher at lower prices. The total amount of spending will be approximately equal to weather prices are low or high people have almost the same amount of money to spend, so the area under the curve is fairly constant. This is known as the real balance effect. * At higher price levels, interest rates are likely to be rising by the monetary authorities. This means that investment, a component of aggregate demand, will fall and saving might increase. There are three main components of aggregate demand: * The Price Level and Consumption:   The Wealth Effect A decrease in the price level makes consumers feel wealthier, which in turn encourages them to spend more.This increase in consumer spending means larger quantities of goods and services demanded. When co nsumers feel insecure with their job security and incomes they are more likely to save money. Since there is a positive relationship between consumption and aggregate demand, an increase in consumption will result in an in crease in the aggregate demand. This shift will contribute to higher levels of output and this could have positive and negative effects. An increase in output usually results in higher levels of employment, since more workers are needed to produce the goods and services.When consumption shifts the AD curve to right, the general price levels tend to increase. This occurs because consumers demand more goods and services and the aggregate supply may take a long time to respond to the changes due to limited resources. This can lead to a demand-pull inflation. However, this is not always the case. Countries try to increase their aggregate supply in order to respond to the changes in AD. If they achieve this, the output will rise due to an increase in consumption, promo ting economic growth and employment, but prices will remain the same or rise by a smaller percentage, preventing the high level of inflation. The Price Level and Investment: The Interest Rate Effect This usually occurs when a lower price level reduces the interest rate, which encourages greater spending on investment goods. This increase in investment spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded. This means when firms and individuals finance the capital stock invest in such things as machinery, this can result in employment rate decreasing. Interest rates play a big role when firms decide upon how much money to invest. If they are too high, it is a discouragement for firms to borrow as its costs rise, thus decreasing their disposable income decreases.However, investment is not only affected by interest rates. The interest elasticity of demand tends to be very low since investors have a variety of factors to take into consideration when deciding upon how much and w here to invest. In some cases, investors do not borrow money from banks, so interest rate fluctuations will not have any significant effect on levels of investment. Confidence in future sales patterns and government incentive and regulations will also affect the investment levels. Another injection in the economy is the multiplier effect of the investment.In the economy, the money invested today will have a greater impact such as increasing the levels of output in the future. This is because investment rises the capital stock. With an evolution in technology, the machineries help production become faster and cheaper, thus contributing greatly to increasing the output in long-term. * The Price Level and Net Exports:   The Exchange-Rate Effect Exports represent an injection into the circular flow of income, in that the money paid for goods and services sold abroad enters the domestic flow of income.Imports mean that there is an outflow of money, and exports minus imports gives the t otal movement of funds known as net exports. There are a number of reasons why the value of net exports might change. If the exchange rate increases in value against other currencies, imports become cheaper and exports more expensive on world markets. Over time, people respond to these relative price movements and the demand for exports falls and the demand for imports rises. A stronger currency will worsen net exports, whereas a weaker currency will improve the figure.Also, for example if a fall in the UK price level causes UK interest rates to fall, the real exchange rate depreciates, which stimulates UK net exports. The increase in net export spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded. However, in the short run the price elasticity of demand for exports and imports tends to be low. This may be because contracts have been signed for specific deals in international trade, or because the traded components are a very small percentage of firms’ overall cost s.In conclusion, the aggregate demand changes in response to a change in any of its components. A raise in consumption, investment, exports and net exports will shift the AD curve to the right. This usually results in an increase in prices and an increase of the total output of the economy, but there are many other factors affecting this process. All societies experience short-run economic fluctuations around long-run trends, these fluctuations are irregular and largely unpredictable.When recessions occur, real GDP and other measures of income, spending, and production fall, and unemployment rises. Economists analyze short-run economic fluctuations using the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. According to the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, the output of goods and services and the overall level of prices adjust to balance aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The aggregate-demand curve slopes downward for three reasons:   a wealth effect, an interest rat e effect, and an exchange rate effect.

A Jack of All Trades

They say that Asian countries, especially those belonging to the third world, have low education standards and don’t speak English at all.   I’d like to take this opportunity to disprove that myth.I’m a full-blood middle class Indian, born in New Delhi, India, to an army officer and a nurse.   I’d say that I’m very fortunate because my parents were able to put me in a good school and was able to study until the 8th grade.   It is true that India belongs to the third world country due to poverty; so a lot of families can’t afford to put their children into nice schools.   There are a number of good schools in India and I was fortunate enough to have studied in one.   The intensive curriculum in my school developed my IQ especially in the field of science and mathematics.When my family and I moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 2004, my schoolmates found it truly astounding that Indians could speak and write well in English too.   This is for the fact that English is India’s second language.   There are a lot of dialects in India alone, but that doesn’t mean English is not a language spoken there.They found how studious and passionate I am with my studies and how I passed with flying colors too.   On top of that, they were pretty amazed that a poindexter like me is actually a sports fanatic too.   I was able to combine studies and sports, doing well in both at the same time.   In fact, I joined the soccer and tennis teams and was able to significantly contribute to the success of both teams. I even lost 30 lbs. out of it.  I remember how I used to doubt I’d be qualified to join the teams, but I got in after the tryouts.   It is, indeed, very hard for students to combine school and sports at the same time.   I’d say I was very proud to show my schoolmates that an Indian like me can excel in a lot of fields, thus showing that the education standard in India shouldn’t be underestimated.   The more I join teams and mingle with schoolmates, the more I learn about American culture.Eventually, my dad found a new job in Austin, Texas, so my family and I had to relocate.   I went to Westwood high school, which is one of the best schools in the US, and I found out that the curriculum there challenged me intellectually and physically.I decided to quit sports when I went to junior high because I took up 5 AP classes.   I took up AP Chemistry, AP English, AP Physics, AP Statistics and AP Computer Science classes.   The standard of the school is very high, so is the level of difficulty.   At first, I found the curriculum too challenging, but I came to realize the advantages of finishing at Westwood high school.I realized that the intensive curriculum could work to my advantage in the future, so I pursued studying well.   I even compared Westwood high school to my previous school in Massachusetts.   Thus, I am very proud to have finished with flying colors in Westwood high school.All the experiences I’ve gone through had made me a jack of all trades.   I was able to prove I can excel in all fields I wish to pursue.   The culture I grew up with in India had given me special traits that made me go through the hardest challenges in life with ease and gratitude.My parents were always there to help me, and because of this, I’m forever indebted.   I want to make them prouder, so I am taking this opportunity to explore greater chances of earning a degree that could help me in my desired profession one day.I am also very grateful that America has given opportunities to Asians like me for better education, and pursuing excellence in my studies will not only make America proud they have produced graduates like me, but will also make my motherland, India, proudest.